Once you have become one with the bureaucracy, signed four million pieces of paper, figured out the health insurance system, opened a bank account and navigated grocery shopping in a packed Aldi the day before a public holiday, yet another brain-combusting hurdle might rear its head.
Ladies and Gentlemen: I give you…
The German education system (and all its maddening complexity!)
At its core, the system is one of many layers designed to give students a number of post-school options.
It isn’t made at all easier by the fact things differ from state to state (Germany’s federal structure leaves education policy up to the individual Länder).
Furthermore, it’s currently in a state of flux as fundamental changes are being made to the uniquely three-tiered high school which forms the backbone of the German education system.
So, where to begin? We have already covered the concept of Kindergarten and its role in German society, and the fact it isn’t at all uncommon for children to enter school at the age of seven. It bears mentioning there is the Kann-kind vs Muss-kind divide.
Children who are six by the 30th June have to start school the following September (the Muss-kinder). Children who turn six between the 30th June and the beginning of the school year can start but they can also wait another year (the Kann-kinder).
Primary (Elementary) School
Once children finish Kindergarten, they enter primary school (Grundschule) in the first grade (Erste Klasse). Where your child should go to primary school depends on your address, however you can go to a primary school outside of your catchment area as long as you clear it with the local school your child otherwise should have attended. If in any doubt, always contact your state’s education ministry to be sure of what processes to follow.
Grundschule – and this is where it departs from the primary/elementary schools in most countries – runs from the first to the fourth class, in most states. In former GDR states, and some other areas of Germany, it still runs from 1-6, however they are the exception. Most Grundschule run from grades 1 through 4, at which point children are funnelled into the next level of schooling. I say funnelled, because it is here pupils in the German education system can go a number of ways, depending on a) their academic prowess and b) the Bundesland in which your kids go to school.
Secondary (High) School
- Gymnasium – years 5-13: the Gymnasium is de-facto the only tier in the German schooling system that offers students the opportunity to do their Abitur (the German equivalent of British A-Levels) and demands a high level of academic rigour. While it has always run from the 5th through the 13th year, recent changes were made to end it after the 12th, to bring the German education system at secondary level in alignment with other countries. It has largely, however, since reverted back to the original thirteen years. Students who finish high school at a Gymnasium with their Abitur, have a greater scope of tertiary study options available to them.
Students also have the option of finishing at a Gymnasium in year 12, which means they finish with a qualification called the Fachhochschulreife which allows them to study at a Fachhochschule (University of Applied Sciences / Polytechnic) but not a traditional university.
It is worth noting that the German Abitur is an examination that is sat by fewer students than its equivalent examinations (UK’s A-Levels, and Australia’s Higher School Certificate, for example).
This is likely because there are more options for the less academically-inclined and it is thus not something students are pressured to do to ensure they receive some form of tertiary education. If a student does not graduate with their Abitur, they are still able to continue their education and receive a qualification in a vocational field.
- Realschule – years 5-10: The Realschule level is designed for students not wanting to pursue an academic path, and instead focuses on preparing students for careers requiring an Ausbildung (vocational apprenticeship). Realschule runs from grade 1 through 10 and students receive a Realschulabschluss upon graduation. A Realschulabschluss will not allow a student entry into university or into a Fachhochschule (University of Applied Sciences). It is, however, possible – if one’s grades are good enough – to continue at another school and do a Fachhochschulreife which would allow entry to study at a Fachhochschule. If a student wants to continue their education and gain entry into a university, they can then go on and do a Hochschulabschluss.
Here is probably a good place to note that the German education system has a strong focus on pursuing vocational training by means of the Ausbildung (apprenticeship). We’ll touch on this in the follow-up article on further and tertiary education.
Young people are expected to have completed an apprenticeship in many types of jobs which other countries have either made degrees out of (e.g. nursing), or don’t necessarily require a specific qualification for in the first place (e.g. retail, hotel front of house).
- Hauptschule: Traditionally, the third tier of the high school system has been the Hauptschule, which students graduate from after year 9. Hauptschule aims to prepare students to undertake an apprenticeship with a purely practical focus. Typically this was the mainstay of more traditional industries. The qualification awarded to those attending a Hauptschule is the Hauptschulabschluss and does not allow students entry into tertiary education institutions. Deindustrialisation, offshoring, global supply chains and automation of many lower-skilled jobs has recently rendered this type of school relatively obsolete to the modern economy. In many states, the Hauptschule is being phased out of the German education system or already no longer exists, like, for example, in Schleswig-Holstein.
In its place, are two other types of schools – the Gemeinschaftsschule and the Gesamtschule.
- Gemeinschaftsschule* – years 5-10: this type of school is designed for Realschule and Hauptschule students (who no longer have the option to attend a Hauptschule) to attend together and offers both.
- Gemeinschaftsschule mit Oberstufe* – years 5-13: similar to the above, but a Gemeinschaftsschule with an Oberstufe (upper level) also offers the Abitur and Fachhochschulreife as well as the Realschulabschluss.
- Gesamtschule – years 5-13: Increasingly, there is a movement towards simply putting it all together and having all the options under one roof. Gesamtschule runs from years 5-13 and includes all types of Abschlusse (Abitur, Realschulabschluss, Fachhochschulreife) have Gymnasium, Real– and Hauptschule students all studying together on the one campus.
* States have different names for this type of school. Gemeinschaftsschule is the term used in Schleswig-Holstein, where I am writing from.
Private / International Schools
Lastly, one fundamental thing one must understand when it comes to talking about education in Germany, is that it is something all children in Germany have access to for free. Public schools are of a high standard and considered the best option. Fee-paying private schools enjoy precisely the opposite reputation of what they do in the USA, UK and Australia. While considered elite and academically more successful and thus superior options in other countries, private schools in Germany are not seen as such here. Comparatively, only a very small percentage of children in Germany attend private schools.
So. Verstanden? You have some time to digest the world’s most complicated high-school system before I’ll be back with how tertiary education functions here!
NOTE TO AMERICAN READERS:
Home schooling isn’t legally an option in Germany, just in case you wondered why we didn’t cover this.
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I’m just wondering what makes you think the German education system is better than others in most English spoken countries. What I heard from other German parents is most school teachers in Germany tend to be more critical by focusing on what the kids are not doing so well rather than nourishing the children’s merits.
I am a product of the public school system in the USA, and my children attend public school in Germany.
I was fortunate enough to attend outstanding schools, mainly because my parents could afford to live in a town with very high taxes in order to fund those schools. Kids in poorer school districts tend to have worse schools, and the US school system is punitive to those schools. The worse a school performs, the more standards it must meet. Yet the schools don’t get any extra money to meet those goals. Teachers and administrators are criticised and given less and less freedom to try to address the issues. The school voucher system removes even more money from underperforming schools (who need the money the most) because the most talented and least resource-intensive students leave, and the students who require more resources (perhaps due to learning or behaviour issues) remain in the public school because private voucher-accepting schools are not required to admit such students.
Germany is the opposite. Hamburg evaluates each school based on over 100 socio-economic criteria and gives it a score. A school with poorer kids, more kids with language issues (including foreign language kids), more unemployed parents, etc will receive more funding and support, not less. The school may end up with more teachers aides and smaller class sizes.
Additionally, there are good career options in Germany through apprenticeships and specialised training schools. Not every kid is pushed through an academic track and seen to be a failure if they don’t go on to university. In the United States, it’s assumed you need a bachelors degree for almost any career.
I don’t think you can point to a specific school in Germany and say that it is inherently better than a specific school in an English-speaking country, but overall the system is much better suited for preparing students to become productive members of the economy.
She is writing about the system not about the pedagogical abilities of the teachers. The German system emphasizes the abilities of each student and is yet permeable. Furthermore it’s not really helpful when teachers act like your personal cheerleaders and after school you are brought hardly down to earth of a globalized world. Yet a bit more empathy wouldn’t do any harm.
Having attended an American High School as an exchange student coming from a German Gymnasium my impression was that Gymnassium is the more demanding academically.
As to teachers being less nourishing I should think that depends to a great degree on the type of school and the age of the children. It may also be a mentality thing. Generalizing here I think that the (often perceived as) gushing praise of children’s accomplishments are not the rule. Once you attend the last three years of Gymnasium you are considered a young adult who is where he/she is because they want to achieve higher academic merits. Very often teachers will not check wether homework was done or not. That is the student’s responsibility. This may be why the interaction at that level is very much matter of fact.
Maggie, that is exactly its aim. To advance ALL children to the best of their ability. If you are academically better than the rest of your class you move over to a higher education school system, i.e. from Mittelschule to Gymnasium. Private schools are for those that do not cope with the “normal” school system, the latter in existence since 1871 and still striving.
German education system aren’t so bad. Eastern Europe has much more problems in education system and it’s very hard to have high school diploma and good job with enough earnings….
In elementary schools, students should be in what language to study????
I don’t understand. Your comment doesn’t make sense.